ಸಹಾಯ:Footnotes and endnotes

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Footnotes and endnotes

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Best practice for implementing footnotes on Wikisource

Types of footnote

In publishing there are, and have been, various methods of printing notes: either as notes at the bottom of the page, or aggregated at the end of a chapter or section. Sometimes all notes are accumulated as lists at the end of the book.

Footnotes are often indicated by numbers or typographical symbols: such as the section §, the Pilcrow or paragraph mark ¶, the single and double daggers † ‡, and the asterisk *.

Adding footnotes

On Wikisource all footnotes should be use implemented with <ref> tags. These can be automatically collected and listed by another tag at the bottom of the page: either <references/> {{reflist}} or {{smallrefs}}.

Footnotes

Instead of putting the footnote text at the bottom of the page, it should be placed immediately following the noted text (ie. where the note indicator is in the text) wrapped in <ref> ... </ref> tags.

For example, if the printed page contains the following text:

And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.⁴

For which the accompanying footnote at the base of the page is:

⁴ Revue des Deux Mondes, February 15, 1872.

When rendering this into wikitext while proofreading, it should look like:

And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.<ref>''Revue des Deux Mondes'', February 15, 1872.</ref>

Once saved, this will appear as:

And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.^[೧]

For reference: this example is based on Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/13; which can be seen as part of "The Study of Sociology I," an article published in Popular Science Monthly in May 1872.

Displaying the footnotes

The most basic way of displaying footnotes is with the <references/> tag. This should be placed:

At the bottom of the page in the main namespace, immediately after the transcluded text and before the categories and other footer items.
In the "footer" field of the each page in the Page namespace that contains footnotes. By default, all index pages automatically add this footer but this can be overridden manually at the index page.

This tag will automatically create a numbered list of all items in <ref> tags on the page. It does not matter if the tagged text has been directly written into the page by editing or if it has been transcluded from the Page namespace. The list will be sorted in the order the footnotes exist on the page (ie. first footnote is number 1, second footnote is number 2, etc).

Using the example above:

Wikitext	<references/>
Appearance	↑ Revue des Deux Mondes, February 15, 1872.

Optionally, instead of the <references/> tag, one of the following template may be used instead:

{{reflist}}
{{smallrefs}}

Endnotes

If the original work put the notes at the end of the section or chapter and the full section or chapter will be transcluded into one subpage in the main namespace: use the method described above.

If the original work put the notes in a separate section, for example, collecting all footnotes for all chapters in one section at the back of the book, either:

Ignore the formatting of the original work and include all footnotes at the bottom of the section or chapter as described in the method above.
Create a separate subpage for the endnote section. See Alternatives for possible ways to link between note indicator and the footnote itself.

Advanced

Footnotes that continue over page breaks

Grouped footnotes

It may sometimes be necessary to split footnotes into different sections. Different footnotes may be listed in more than one place or there may be different types of footnote, each with its own list at the end. In these cases, the different sets of footnotes should be grouped.

When using the <ref> tags add the "group" parameter. The name of the group used can be chosen by the individual proofreader but note that it will be visible on the page as part of the numeric indicator for the footnote. All tags in a specific group must have the same "group" parameter.

Each <references/> tag must also have the same "group" parameter. Each tag will only list footnotes that have the same group name.

For example:

Lorem<ref group="A">Foo</ref> Ispum<ref group="B">Bar</ref> Dolar<ref group="A">Baz</ref> Group "A": <references group="A" /> Group "B": <references group="B" />

This will appear as:

Lorem^{[A ೧]} Ipsum^{[B ೧]} Dolar^{[A ೨]} Group "A": ↑ Foo ↑ Baz Group "B": ↑ Bar

Nested footnotes

There is a known limitation in mediawika that certain tags such as <ref> are parsed in a linear rather than hierarchic fashion, resulting in constructions such as:

This is a basic<ref>Not<ref>Here is an opportunity for a really bad pun.</ref> the computer language!</ref> statement.<references/>

unexpectedly resulting in:

This is a basicಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ದೋಷ: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag the computer language!</ref> statement.

—due to the parser attempting to match the first occurrence of </ref> back to the first occurrence of <ref> instead of to the innermost occurrence and generally thereafter becoming confused.

However resort may be made in these instances to a much older syntax which is somewhat resistant to this behaviour. This same sequence may be re-expressed as:

This is a basic{{#tag:ref|Not<ref>Here is an opportunity for a really bad pun.</ref> the computer language!}} statement.<references/>

which produces closer to the expected result:

This is a basic^[೨] statement.

↑ Here is an opportunity for a really bad pun.
↑ Not^[೧] the computer language!

—but sadly the footnotes are still "out-of-order" with regards normal expectation. So additionally applying lessons from the former section:

This is a basic{{#tag:ref|Not<ref group="I">Here is an opportunity for a really bad pun.</ref> the computer language!|group="O"}} statement.<references group="O"/><references group="I"/>

N.B. group names "I" and "O" are entirely arbitrary and here are simply chosen to represent Inner and Outer nesting levels.

This new coding results in:

This is a basic^{[O ೧]} statement.

↑ Not^{[I ೧]} the computer language!

↑ Here is an opportunity for a really bad pun.

Alternatives

The preceding instructions are best practice for producing footnotes on Wikisource. However, in some rare cases it may be more appropriate to use one of the following methods instead.

Ref and Note templates

The reference indicator can be replaced with a {{Ref}} template, with the matching text following a {{Note}} template. This gives the proofreader more control over the placement of the footnote but it has the strong drawback of not being able to group footnotes when transcluded to the main namespace.

Using the example above, the main text will be written as:

And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.{{ref\|4}}

The footnote will be written as:

<sup>4</sup> {{note\|4}} ''Revue des Deux Mondes'', February 15, 1872.

The result is:

Text	And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.^[4]
Footnote	⁴ ↑ Revue des Deux Mondes, February 15, 1872.

When using this method, it is important to prepend the footnote the appropriate figure or symbol. This means the note can be found if it is being read from a printed copy instead of on a screen.

Endnotes with anchors

If the original work had endnotes at the back of the book (or other publication) it may sometimes be more appropriate to list all the footnotes in a special subpage. This subpage should ideally transclude the endnotes section from a scan of the original work.

In order to create the link from the indicator in the text to the footnote, wikilinks and anchors can be used. The indicator should be a wikilink in a format such as [[My book/endnotes#footnote4]]. The footnote should be preceded by a {{anchor}} template.

If the preceding example were in this format, with the footnote in another section, the text would appear as:

And here it is doubtless thought by some, as it is in France by M. de Lagevenais, that Government, by supplying good music, should exclude the bad, such as that of Offenbach.<sup>[[Help:Footnotes and endnotes#footnote4\|4]]</sup>

Although, rather than this help page, the wikilink would look more like [[The Study of Sociology I/Endnotes#footnote4|4]].

The footnote would be written as:

{{anchor\|footnote4}}<sup>4</sup> ''Revue des Deux Mondes'', February 15, 1872.